Renewable energy sources are gaining increasing importance in the global pursuit of sustainable development. Among these, biodiesel stands out as a promising alternative to conventional fossil fuels. Biodiesel is typically produced from vegetable oils through a process known as transesterification, which yields fatty acid methyl esters (FAME). Thes

Polymer nanocomposites are a compelling field of research in materials science. These innovative materials consist of a polymer base reinforced with nanoparticles typically ranging from 1 to 100 nanometers in extent. The incorporation of these nanoparticles significantly enhances the mechanical, thermal, and visual properties of the final polymer c